【阅读书摘】学会独立思考

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发表于 2010-11-19 15:14:34 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
<font size=5><font size=3><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">
<h1 class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 《谈独立思考》茅盾<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 有人问:如何而能独立思考?</font></span><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  我想:这个答案可以很多,其中之一也许是洋洋万言,引经据典,而效果等于不着一字。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  但是,也还有另一方式的答案:</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  不读书者不一定就不能独立思考;然而,读死书、死读书、只读一面的书而不读反面的和其他多方面的书,却往往会养成思考时的</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">扶杖而行</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,以致最后弄到独立思考能力的萎缩。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  眼睛只看上边、不看下边的人,耳朵只喜欢听好话、不喜欢听批评的人,常常只想到自己、不想到别人的人,他们面前的可能的危险是:让</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">独自</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">思考顶替了独立思考。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  教条主义是独立思考的敌人,它的另一敌人便是个人崇拜。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  如果广博的知识是孕育独立思考的,那么,哺养独立思考的便应是民主的精神。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  井底之蛙恐怕很难有独立思考的能力。应声虫大概从没有感到有独立思考之必要。而日驰数百里的驿马虽然见多识广,也未必善于独立思考。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  人类的头脑,本来是具有独立思考的能力的。如果没有,人类就不能从</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">蠢如鹿豕</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">进化到文明。但是人类的这个天赋,是在生活斗争中不断碰到矛盾而又不断解决矛盾的过程中逐渐发达起来的。前人的经验和独立思考的成果,应当是后人所借以进行独立思考的资本,而不是窒息独立思考的偶像。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  儿童的知识初开,常常模仿大人。这时的模仿,就是吸收前一代的经验和知识,为后来的独立思考准备条件。做大人的,看见幼儿模仿自己,便赞一声</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">聪明</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,可是到后来看见渐臻成熟的少年不再满足于模仿自己,却又骂他</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">不肖</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">;这真是可笑的矛盾。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  从前有些</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">诗礼之家</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,有一套教养子女的规矩:自孩提以至成长,必使</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">……”</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">这是把儿童放在抽出了空气的玻璃罩内的办法。这样培养出来的,如果不是书呆子,是犬儒,便是精神上失去平衡的畸形人,是经不起风霜的软体人。当然也不会是具有独立思考能力的人。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  </span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">诗礼之家</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”</span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">现在没有了,我盼望这样的教养方法也和它一同地永远消逝。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <br /><br /></span><span style="COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">  原载《人民日报》1956年7月3日(署名玄珠)</span><span lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></font></h1></span></font>
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[LV.Master]伴坛终老

沙发
发表于 2010-11-19 16:36:03 | 只看该作者
  好学风,坚持下去。 [:2-1:]
板凳
匿名  发表于 2011-1-7 18:21:52
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[LV.6]常住居民II

地板
发表于 2011-1-14 23:55:22 | 只看该作者
坚持不懈…! [:2-1:]

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